Abstract Since 1992 acceleration effects, in the vicinity of superconductors, tens of magnitudes larger than general relativity allows, have been reported. By far, the most convincing of these experimental results, has come from the Austrian Research Center (ARC) (Tajmar et al, 2003-2007). Theories advanced to explain these anomalies, invoke Lens-Thirring fields, and/or Ginzburg-Landau phenomenology. Generally, weak gravitational coupling, commensurate with the reported fields, is assumed. A diametrically opposite approach is considered; namely, that the detected signals constitute a tiny residual of a gravity-emulating force, 40 magnitudes stronger than its classical counterpart, that ranges to 10-17 cm. (TeV scale). In di-pole form, this field could neutralize 1022 g acceleration forces on bound electrons, explaining atomic structural stability through negation of synchroton radiation. Efforts are underway to detect the phenomena. Status of experimental work and photos: (13 November 2008). Potential Superconductor Evidence For Spin-1 Graviton When the British newspaper - the Sunday Telegraph - first reported on gravitational shielding experiments by the Russian engineer, Evgeny Podkletnov, the news was met with derision and disbelief. After a flurry of attempts to replicate the phenomena failed, with a few exceptions, the field essentially entered hibernation. But, scarscely a decade after Podkletnov first gained prominence, a highly respected European Laboratory - the Austrian Research Center (ARC), reported detection of acceleration signals from a spun-up, ring shaped, niobium superconductor, which yielded about 100 micro-g's for tangential accelerations of less than 10 g's. They believed they were observing an enhanced gravitoelectric field induced by a changing gravitomagnetic field around their toroidal superconductor, in analogy with an electric field generatied by a changing magnetic field. Its great strength was attributed to a mass increase of the graviton, inside the superconductor, in analogy with a massive photon believed responsible for superconductivity. However, direct measurement of the gravitomagnetic field yielded only 1% of the expected value, casting doubt on this interpretation. An alternative explanation is suggested, involving the macro-scale wavefunction of the superconductor in conjunction with enormous dynamic forces within atoms. One easily calculates that the bound electron in a hydrogen atom's lowest orbital experiences an average centripedal acceleration of 1022 g's. Yet, as long as an integral number of deBroglie (matter) waves wrap around the orbit, there is no emission of synchroton radiation. Thus matter waves are intimately linked to stable orbits, and are presumed to be visible evidence for a micro-range, di-pole form of gravity, that matches the coulomb force in strength. The quanta of this field is proposed to be a TeV mass 'photon' with length and time variables, substituting for the usual electric and magnetic variables. A duality between the electroweak and gravity-Higgs forces, in the TeV energy regime, is the proposed source of this field. It will be recalled that a gravity field is measured by length contraction and time retardation, at each point in space. By reacting to, and opposing, applied accelerations, this field would explain atomic stability by counterbalancing centripedal forces on electrons and nucleii that pirouette around their common center of mass. Such a field would embrace fundamental particles in a freefall 'cocoon', as long as the field's intensity is sychronous with cyclical acceleration forces, as in an elliptical orbit. At 10-19 meters, this field would not conflict with the scale of atomic structures, such as the lowest orbital in a hydrogen atom, with a radius of .528 x 10-10 meters. As the variables of this field are free to range in both directions (contract/expand for length, retard/advance for time) it follows that one half of each wave cycle corresponds to a negative energy state of the vacuum. This is proposed to be the source of the complex nature of the wavefunction. Sync shifting, 39 magnitudes stronger than seen in Relativitistic dynamics, would modulate a particle's position in both space and time, giving rise to the uncertainty principle. Since no force operates instantaneously, it's speculated that 10-5 g acceleration signals, detected near a niobium superconductor, at the Austrian Research Center (ARC), resulted from a lag in the response time of this field, to an applied acceleration of only 7.33 g's. Intriguingly, Dr. Evgeny Podkletnov, of the Moscow Chemical Scientific Research Center, reported acceleration pulses of ~ 1000 g's for durations of 10-4 seconds, from a superconductor subjected to 2 megavolt discharges. This claim sounds completely absurd. On the other hand, such high voltage discharges would have induced momentary accelerations on the cooper pairs, orders of magnitudes larger than in the ARC experiments, who found a linear relationship between applied acceleration and signal. Comparing Podkletnov's experiment with the ARC group's experiment is, admittedly, like comparing apples with oranges. The one feature they do have in common is that they both accelerate cooper-pairs. The ARC experimenters apply 7.33 g's to both the cooper-pairs and lattice sites yielding 100 micro-g's signal. Podkletnov's experiment discharges 2 million volts between a YBCO superconductor and a copper plate, in a partially evacuated chamber, yielding 1000 g's. Electrons, in a vacuum, subjected to such a voltage will reach about 98% c. Assuming this occurs in the 100 micro-second interval, indicated in Dr. Giovanni Modanese's paper, the average acceleration on the electrons is something like 109 g's. Curiously, if one substitutes the proton's mass, in place of the electron's, the resulting acceleration is only 7.3% below a perfect linear extrapolation of the ARC team's applied acceleration versus signal yield. That is pretty remarkable, since this near perfect linearity is maintained across eight orders of magnitude. Also, since the proton has the opposite charge of the electron the acceleration pulse (on the protons) would be opposite in direction to the detected signal; as was the case in the ARC experiments. The puzzle here is that the superconductor in Podkletnov's experiment is stationary, meaning the proton's at the lattice sites can only be displaced a small amount in the rigid lattice structure, before they must rebound to their original positions. Presumably, some of the cooper-pairs exit the superconductor and traverse the near vacuum to the copper plate. Their acceleration through the near vacuum would be much larger than within the superconductor. The question is: Would they maintain their coherence outside the superconductor, in the absence of flexing lattice sites, needed to establish the bond in the BCS theory? In this regard, the flat, glowing discharge, originating at the superconductor, and transiting to the copper anode, is very suggestive of some kind of coherent electron behavior, unlike a normal spark discharge. Further discussion of these issues, and calculation details, will be posted at the bottom of page 9, in the near future: Impulse Generator Coupling Factor As this field is imputed to range only to 10-17 centimeters, a mechanism is needed to account for its detection over macroscopic distances. The proposed explanation is that the intense gravitational polarization of the vacuum, within this spin-1 field's range, induces localized (bidirectional) flows of massless spin-2 gravitons between our brane and extra dimensional bulk, that manifest as lattice vibrations (phonons). Such lattice vibrations play a central role in the BCS theory of superconductivity. In the ARC experiment these bulk spin-2 gravitons would have been detected as an acceleration field in the tangential plane of the spinning ring. The ARC researchers assumed they were detecting an enhanced gravitoelectric (acceleration) field, but the absense of an equal magnitude gravitomagnetic field, needed to induce the gravitoelectric field, casts doubt on that assumption. The ARC team did report a gravitomagnetic field 1% of their originally expected value, which conformed with a revised theory. However, an independent search for gravitomagnetic fields in superconductors, by a team in New Zealand, obtained negative results at an even higher level of sensitivity. By enveloping fundamental particles, this field would severly distort the rate, and direction at which time flows, as perceived by an external observer. Thus, electric and magnetic fields, from every fundamental particle, would be modulated forwards and backwards in time, but average to the local present. As Richard Feynman observed, a reversal of time equates to a reversal of a particle's charge. The weak binding of cooper-pairs - 10-4-10-3 eV, is therefore proposed to arise from a small phase difference in their relative times. These temporal oscillations are proposed to be the origin of the wave nature of matter. The time-reversed portion of these waves would explain the complex structure of the wavefunction. On the celestial scale the large masses of stars, planets, and moons, imparts curvature to the local metric, so that these bodies move along geodesic, or acceleration-free, trajectories. Remarkably, aside from tidal friction, within these bodies, and a mininscule gravitoelectromagnetic radiation, no energy is lost; e.g. energy is conserved in geodesic motion. The postulated micro-range, di-pole, gravity field would also induce a local geodesic state for electrons and quarks that are in stable structures, but it is not yet clear whether this field can be modelled to be energy conserving. The fact that geodesic motion, with an entirely different structure, and origin, is energy conserving in the astronomical domain, is encouraging with respect to a possible similar situation in the particle realm. Concept Matter waves underlie all of chemistry and even biology at the molecular scale. What matter waves do has long been elucidated through the de Broglie and Schrödinger equations, and Born's statistical interpretation, but what they actually are, or consist of, remains an unanswered question. As every freshman college physics student learns matter waves are intimately linked to nature's fundamental unit of action - Planck's Constant - through the relation: λ = h/p, where λ is the wavelength associated with a particle, p is the particles momentum, and h is Planck's constant. DeBroglie showed that for stable orbits to exist the relation: nλ = 2πR, where n is an integer and R the radius of the orbit, must be satisfied. Erwin Schrödinger was once of the opinion that matter waves represented a real disturbance in space, analogous to the field variables in electromagnetic waves3. Since the wavefunction for a particle ψ(x,t); where x is position in space and t time, concerns the probable position of the particle at a given time, it utilizes the same parameters as general relativistic gravity - space and time. To be more precise, the intensity of the gravitational field, at a given locale, is determined by the amount of contraction of measuring rods and slowing of clocks. But, in contrast to the feebleness of Newtonian gravity, matter waves modulate the location (via probability) of fundamental particles as robustly as do electric and magnetic fields. If Schrödinger's intuition was correct, a similar strength analogue of the electromagnetic (EM) field, with variables of length and time, suggests itself as the physical basis of matter waves. Implicit in a length-time analogue of the electromagnetic field is a bi-polar length variable that contracts/expands and a bi-polar time variable that slows/speeds. By definition, one half of such a wave cycle, in which length expands and time speeds up, corresponds to a negative energy state of the vacuum (a positive mass planet contracts length scales, and slows clocks, a negative mass planet will have the opposite effect). In accordance with Maxwell's laws, a changing 'length current' should give rise to a changing 'time current' and visa-versa. The amplitudes of these two variables would cyclically rise and fall, in step, as the length-time wave propagates past an observer. Clearly, an observer (particle) entrained at a crossover point of a length-time wave (where the wave transitions from a positive to negative vacuum condition) would be continually preceded, within 1/2 wavelength, by a region of contracting spacetime, and trailed within 1/2 wavelength by expanding spacetime. Such a local distortion of spacetime is the metric signature of an Alcubierre warp6. It is proposed to underlie the absense of synchrotron radiation in stable atomic orbits, by creating a local free-fall geodesic for orbiting electrons. This scenario assumes that electrons are 'modulated' by the oscillating length and time fields of virtual length-time 'photons', just as virtual (electromagnetic) photons modify other aspects of real particles, as proscribed by quantum electrodynamics (QED). These oscillating length and time fields are postulated to be the "internal periodic phenomena" all particles are subject to, as predicted by Louis DeBroglie in his 1923 Comptes Rendus note5. But, such a gravity-emulating, Maxwell gauge field cannot be massless, otherwise it would have long since been detected. If it exists at all, it must be in the unexplored supersymmetry realm between 1 and 100 TeV. The warp field of a length-time 'photon' would, accordingly, take the form of a micro-warp in the 10-17 to 10-19 meter range. In this view, the lobe-like complexity of electron orbits would stem from oscillations of the length and time variables, confined within a 10-19 meters, effective warp 'bubble', that should act like a cavity resonator. Thus, throughout its complex gyrations, an orbiting electron would locally be shielded from inertial forces, as the amplitude and orientation of the micro-warp synchronizes with the dynamically changing angular acceleration vector. Large amplitude expansions/contractions of spacetime within the micro-warp's operational radius, stemming from di-pole gravity 40 magnitudes greater than Newtonian gravity, must lead to correspondingly large synchronization (sync) shifts. Since this micro-warp concept is based on extra dimensions of space, a logical deduction is that during the contraction cycle the volume of space within the warp 'bubble' shrinks to the size of the extra dimension(s) and expands into them. Having the higher dimensional bulk serve as the source and sink of spacetime (gravitons) for these alternating expansions and contractions would obviate the need for negative matter to implement an Alcubierre warp. From 2003 to 2007, a group of researchers, led by Martin Tajmar, at the Austrian Research Center, detected anomalously large (up to 277 micro-gs) acceleration signals from a rapidly spun-up, ring shaped, niobium superconductor. They interpreted this acceleration signal (which opposed the applied acceleration) to be a gravitoelectric field, induced by a time-varying gravitomagnetic field. When they attempted to detect the gravitomagnetic field directly with sensitive gyroscopes, they found only 1% of the signal they were expecting. Furthermore, this supposed gravitomagnetic field did not follow the inverse square rule as was expected. Since only an accleration field was detected, an alternative explanation is proposed. Cooper pairs move as a supercurrent through the lattice, progressively bonding from one lattice site to another as they advance. If the acceleration nulling, dipole field really exists, then all cooper pairs, and their proton (lattice) partners, would experience zero acceleration within the 10-19 meters frame of this field, for all components of momentum. Effectively, perfect superconduction would correspond to an acceleration-free dance for both the moving cooper-pairs, and the flexing lattice sites, as this field exactly cancels the acceleration components apparent to external observers. When the experimenters applied an acceleration to the body of the superconductor, this perfect balance was briefly upset. Since this hypothetical length-time (LT) field is a gauge field, like long range electromagetism, or gravitoelectromagnetism, it would respond, like those two fields, by trying to 'brake' the applied acceleration. The problem is that the LT field ranges only to 10-19 meters, so its long range detection is an issue. The proposed explanation is that the LT field, associated with each electron and proton, functions as a micro-pump for shuttling massless gravitons between the extra dimensional bulk and our 3-brane. Assuming fundamental particles are fixed to the brane 'wall' separating our 3D space and the extra dimensions, and enveloped by virtual micro-warps, each particle would see every other particle cyclically receding and advancing in position relative to every other particle. The resulting sync shifts would induce forward/backward translations in time - each particle seeing every other particle oscillating between the past and future, but averaging to the local present. Such temporal oscillations could underlie the weird, non-classical aspects of quantum mechanics as illustrated in John Cramer's Transactional Hypothesis. The electromagnetic-gravity duality, implied in a length-time Maxwell field's existence, is postulated to be embraced within one of six dualities between the forces comprising the superforce. Three forces comprise the superforce above the electroweak synthesis - strong force, electroweak force, and gravity, which would converge in strength, in the TeV scale, if non-compact extra dimensions were indeed a reality. This yields six dualities by the permutation rule N!, where N=3. These six dualities are proposed to correspond to the five 10D string theories and 11D supergravity that make up the tableau of M-Theory. Each of these field theories is speculated to reside on its own m+n "brane" in the 5D "bulk", where m and n are integers denoting the number of space and time dimensions, respectively (see: Field Interchange Hypothesis). It's also intriguing that the most recent measurements of dark matter by a Cambridge University team shows that 'dark matter' composes between 80-85% of the matter of the universe. It has been suggested that dark matter is really matter sequestered on nearby branes in the higher dimensional bulk. If our brane is but one of six, and all branes are about equal in extent (in terms of total mass energy), then 5/6ths (83.3%) of the matter of the 'multiverse' would be hidden background matter on the other 5 branes; right smack in the middle of the Cambridge team's estimate. Finally, this Maxwell length-time field would be massless on a "3-brane", whose 'spacetime' has electric and magnetic parameters. Such a 3+1 (3 electric/1 magnetic) brane would constitute an S-dual7 version of our 3+1 (3 length/1 time) brane universe. Conversely, our photon would underlie matter waves in their universe, since it would have a TeV range mass, and exhibit their form of gravity in a dipole form, but range to less than 10-19 meters. Further Clarification References "Startling" Evidence For The Extra Dimensional Bulk: The MiniBooNE Project September 1, 2007 Update Planned Search For Acceleration Signals in YBCO Acceleration Signals During Superconductor Transitions Through Critical Temperature Speculative Reactionless Drive From Angstrom Thick Boundary Layers